(1973) 4 Stages of Second Language Development
1. Random Error(Presystematic): Vaguely aware that there is systematic order. Stage of experimentation and inaccurate guessing
2. Emergent: In consistency in linguistic production. Begin to internalize certain rules. ‘U-shaped learning’. Unable to correct errors when they are pointed out. Avoidance of structures and topics.
We discovered that most of our subject's occupation was teacher and soldier. As can be seen from chart 2, males who serve in military official tend to use more non-neutral terms by 5 to 7 whereas females used twice each. As Military official culture is a strict hierarchical and still male centered, they are not used to neutral term. On the other hand, teachers and students tend to use more neutra
B) 분석철학의 발달 과정
1) 실재론의 전통
실재론은 분석적 운동의 시초라고 보기는 힘들지만 분석 운동의 조류를 가장 먼저 마련했다는 의의가 있다. 대표적 학자 무어(G. E. Moore)는 ‘사실, 감각 경험의 일상세계(Ordinary world)에 분석적 운동이 뿌리 내려야한다’라고 주장했으며 러셀(Bertrand Rus
가. 성공적인 학교에 대한 기초
1) 학교의 형태 : ①전통적(Conventional)-미국에서 아직까지 지배적인 형태, ②즐거운(Congenial)-다수는 아니지만 나타나고는 있는 형태, ③협력적(Collegial)-숫자가 점점 늘어가고, 성공적인 학교.
2) 협력적 학교로의 “paradigm의 이동” 은 전통적, 즐거운 학교로부터의 이동을
normal emotion and behavior, and the exact causes of which are not yet known. According to Robert Hare, an expert of criminal psychology who developed the criteria of a psychopath, these people lack the ability to love, and they lack empathy or guilt toward others. If they have shown an understanding or helping behavior toward others, this is merely a deception for another purpose. Also, their ab
international status of English is rightly justified on the basis of the numerical strength of its non-native speakers; the cross-cultural and localized functional range of the language has developed in various domains.”
Different varieties of English and English-based creoles developed in different regions of the world
Regions where it is now used as a primary language.
Norm-providing
Language transfer
( =L1 interference, linguistic interference, cross meaning)
speakers or writers applying knowledge from
their native language to a second language.
1) Positive transfer (facilitation)
When the relevant unit or structure of
both languages is the same, linguistic interference can result in correct language production.
e.g.) Korean - Japanese
2) Negati
Introduction of Clay Shirky
An American writer, consultant and teacher on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies
A social media theorist
Other writers
Steven Pinker
An experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist author of popular science writing
New technologies are the only things that would keep us smart
linguist author of popular science writing. He tried to explain the advantages of the new forms of the media. He thinks that we have the self-control, so we can turn off e-mail or Twitter when we work, put away our Blackberry at dinner time, ask our friends or parents to call you to bed at a designated hour. In addition, the Internet and information technologies are helping us manage, search and
1) Linguistic variable
: Gender Neutral Term
Social variable
: gender, age, occupation, nationality
2) Subjects : 10 10
5 each in age groups of 20~30, 40~60
3) Place of Data Collection
: Itaewon, International Studies hall
1) Males who are in the age range of 40~60 will use less politically correct expressi